SAT Question 459df2ba: Answer & Explanation

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Modularity of mind is the notion that the mind is at least partly composed of innate neural structures (modules) that perform fast, necessary tasks.
• 1983: cognitive scientist Jerry A. Fodor hypothesized that low-level cognitive systems (e.g., perception, language) are modular.
• In Fodorian modularity, high-level systems (e.g., reasoning) are not modular.
• 2003: cognitive scientist Peter Carruthers proposed the massive modularity hypothesis (MMH).
• MMH expands modularity to include all cognitive systems.

Difficulty:Hard

The student wants to compare Fodor’s hypothesis with Carruthers’s. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

In considering some but not all cognitive systems modular, Fodorian modularity is not as expansive in its definition of modularity as MMH is.

Following Fodor’s 1983 hypothesis, Carruthers proposed that modularity of mind includes all cognitive systems.

The hypotheses of Fodor and Carruthers differ in whether they consider low-level cognitive systems, such as perception and language, modular.

In 2003, Carruthers proposed the massive modularity hypothesis, disagreeing with Fodor’s earlier hypothesis that the mind is composed of innate neural structures.

SAT Question 459df2ba: Rhetorical Synthesis answer and explanation

Explanation

Why the other choices are wrong