SAT Question 01c8c433: Transitions answer and explanation

English - Transitions - Cause Effect Transition
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Before the 1847 introduction of the US postage stamp, the cost of postage was usually paid by the recipient of a letter rather than the sender, and recipients were not always able or willing to pay promptly. ______ collecting this fee could be slow and arduous, and heaps of unpaid-for, undeliverable mail piled up in post offices.
3
Difficulty:Medium
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?