SAT Question 5e57efec: Words In Context answer and explanation

English - Words In Context - Fill In Blank Multi Word Phrase
0:00
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Economist Marco Castillo and colleagues showed that nuisance costs—the time and effort people must spend to make donations—reduce charitable giving. Charities can mitigate this effect by compensating donors for nuisance costs, but those costs, though variable, are largely ______ donation size, so charities that compensate donors will likely favor attracting a few large donors over many small donors.
84
Difficulty:Hard
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?