Explanation
Correct answer: A.
Choice A is the best answer. The convention being tested is punctuation use between a preposition and its complement. No punctuation is needed between the preposition "of" and its complement "all the elements on the periodic table." The complement completes the meaning of the preposition in the phrase "the highest melting point of all the elements on the periodic table," and using punctuation to separate the complement from the preposition results in an ungrammatical sentence.
Why the other choices are wrong
Choice B
Choice B is incorrect because no punctuation is needed between the preposition and its complement.
Choice C
Choice C is incorrect because no punctuation is needed between the preposition and its complement.
Choice D
Choice D is incorrect because no punctuation is needed between the preposition and its complement.